In Exchange Server 2007 and Exchange Server 2010, we have 5 Server roles like Mailbox, Client Access, Hub Transport, Unified Message and Edge Transport Server. Exchange Server 2013 has only 2 server roles; they are Mailbox Server Role and Client Access Server.
Mailbox Server Role:
Mailbox Server role in Exchange server includes the Mailbox server components found in Exchange 2010, and the Client Access protocols, Hub Transport service, Mailbox databases, and Unified Messaging functionality. The Mailbox server handles all activity for a given mailbox.
Client Access Server Role:
The Client Access server provides authentication, redirection, and proxy services. The Client Access server itself doesn't do any data rendering. The Client Access server is a thin and stateless server. There is never anything queued or stored on the Client Access server. The Client Access server offers all the usual client access protocols like HTTP, POP and IMAP, and SMTP and all the client connection including public folder access goes via Client Access Server role.
You may have a question like, what happened to Hub Transport Server and Unified Messaging Server role in Exchange Server 2013
Functionality of the Hub Transport Server and Unified Messaging Server are still available but the Hub Transport Server and Unified messaging server role components distributed to Mailbox and client access server roles in Exchange Server 2013
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